However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental-still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone and, although the province is almost surrounded by water, the climate is closer to continental climate rather than maritime. Halifax is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada, the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada, and Canada's second-largest coastal municipality after Vancouver. Nova Scotia's capital and largest municipality is Halifax, which is home to over 45% of the province's population as of the 2021 census. In 1848, Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government, and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) to form what is now the country of Canada.
During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia. Subsequent to the Great Upheaval (1755–1763) where the British deported the Acadians en masse, the Conquest of New France (1758–1760) by the British, and the Treaty of Paris (1763), France had to surrender Acadia to the British Empire. The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the battle for control. Britain fought France for the territory on numerous occasions for over a century afterwards. In 1605, Acadia-France's first New France colony-was founded with the creation of Acadia's capital, Port-Royal.
The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia was inhabited by the Miꞌkmaq people at the time of European exploration. The province borders the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east, and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits, respectively. The Nova Scotia peninsula is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto, on which the province's land border with New Brunswick is located. Its area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,345 sq mi) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands. It is the country's second-most densely populated province and second-smallest province by area, both after Prince Edward Island.
It has the largest population of Canada's Atlantic Provinces. Most of the population are native English-speakers, and the province's population is 969,383 according to the 2021 census. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia ( / ˌ n oʊ v ə ˈ s k oʊ ʃ ə/ NOH-və SKOH-shə French: Nouvelle-Écosse Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Rankings include all provinces and territories
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